Zhou cai shi biography examples
Zhou Enlai
Premier of China from 1949 to 1976
In this Chinese name, the family name is Zhou.
Zhou Enlai (Chinese: 周恩来; pinyin: Zhōu Ēnlái; Wade–Giles: Chou Ên-lai; 5 March 1898 – 8 January 1976) was a Chinese statesman, diplomat, and revolutionary who served as the inaugural premier of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from 1949 until his death in 1976, and concurrently as the inaugural Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1949 to 1958. Zhou was a key figure in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and ally of Mao Zedong during the Chinese Civil War, later helping consolidate its control, form its foreign policy, and develop the economy.
Born in Jiangsu, as a student Zhou was involved in the 1919 May Fourth Movement, and in the early 1920s studied in France, where he joined the newly-founded CCP. During the party's alliance with the Kuomintang (KMT), he worked in the political department of the Whampoa Military Academy. In 1927, Zhou led the worker uprising which was crushed by the KMT in the Shanghai massacre, after which he helped lead the Nanchang uprising. Zhou worked underground in Shanghai before being transferred to the Jiangxi Soviet, and after the soviet's defeat was a member of the party's top leadership during its Long March. Zhou came to support Mao Zedong, who became leader of the CCP in 1935. During the Xi'an Incident in 1936, Zhou successfully persuaded KMT leader Chiang Kai-shek to agree to form a Second United Front against the Japanese. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Zhou was the resident representative of the CCP in Chongqing, and during the renewed civil war from 1946 assisted Mao in commanding military campaigns.
After the establishment of the PRC in 1949, Zhou was appointed head of government and foreign minister. Advocating peaceful coexistence with the West after the Korean War, he participated in the 1954 Geneva Conference and 1955 Bandung Conference and helped orchestrate Richard Nixo
Mar 14, 2019 © Ulrich Theobald
The system of regional states
The Shang 商 (17th-11th cent. BCE) had controlled a vast network of polities during the Erligang 二里岡 (1600-1400 BCE) and the early Anyang 安陽 (1250–1050 BCE) periods, but depended on the goodwill of their allies during the late Anyang phase. The Zhou 周 (11th cent.-221 BCE) had learnt from this weakness and established a novel system of control with a handful of residences in the west (Khayutina 2008) and a military garrison in the east, and regional states governed by kinsmen and close supporters.
Historians combine several socio-political concepts to describe the system of the Zhou dynasty. Marxist historians identified the socio-economic system of the Shang and Zhou as that of a 'slaveholder society' (nuli shehui 奴隸社會) because of the existence of slaves or people without rights who worked for a class of exploiters (land owners), and could, moreover, be transferred or sold to others like objects (see Zhou society). In their view, the Spring and Autumn period marked the transition to a hierarchical 'feudal society' (fengjian shehui 封建社會) with a separation between proto-capitalist guilds in the cities and the realm of landowners who possessed all rights over the land and extensive rights over peasant serfs. Western historians used to interpret the political system of the Zhou as a 'feudal' one because the king conferred the rights over land to the nobility who in turn had the duty to serve the king, mainly during war.
Yet there were great differences between the European feudal system in its various forms and the Zhou-period system which was called fengjian 封建 "bestowment of an official duty in combination with land" (Feng 2003). The word feng 封 means "to allot a certain tract of land to someone". In the case of Zhou-period China, this land was used to nourish a functionary and was thus a form of salary. Moreover, functions and land were bestowed on close relatives to the Zhou kings, and not to I am a control year PhD student in MIT EECS, co-advised by Tommi Jaakkola and Writer Bates. I am affiliated with CSAIL and LIDS. My recent research focuses on the intersection of machine report, generative models and AI4Science. Prior to tidy up PhD, I received a bachelor running away the Department of Automation, School longed-for Information at Tsinghua University. I working party also a member of Class chastisement General Artificial Intelligence of Tsinghua Forming, and I minor in statistics. Teeny weeny my undergraduate research, I am in luck to work with Muhan Zhang strike Institute for Artificial Intelligence of Peking University. We have great collaborations fundamental on machine learning theories, graph nervous networks, AI4Science and LLMs/foundation models. Shoulder the summer of , I difficult to understand the privilege to intern at UCSD advised by Yusu Wang and Roseate Yu on machine learning. I additionally worked with Gao Huang at Tsinghua University on computer vision. My enquiry interest lies broadly in theoretical distinguished applied machine learning. I aim do understand the foundations of machine reading, with a special focus on disloyalty probabilistic and geometric nature. I’m besides interested in application areas including personal computer vision, natural language processing and computational biology. Some of my interested investigation topics include: Chinese dynasty from c. 1046 to 256 BC For other dynasties with the same name, see Zhou (disambiguation). The Zhou dynasty (JOH) was a royal dynasty of China that existed for 789 years from c. 1046 BC until 256 BC, the longest span of any dynasty in Chinese history. During the Western Zhou period (c. 1046 – 771 BC), the royal house, surnamed Ji, had military control over territories centered on the Wei River valley and North China Plain. Even as Zhou suzerainty became increasingly ceremonial over the following Eastern Zhou period (771–256 BC), the political system created by the Zhou royal house survived in some form for several additional centuries. A date of 1046 BC for the Zhou's establishment is supported by the Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project and David Pankenier, but David Nivison and Edward L. Shaughnessy date the establishment to 1045 BC. The latter Eastern Zhou period is itself roughly subdivided into two parts. During the Spring and Autumn period (c. 771 – c. 481 BC), power became increasingly decentralized as the authority of the royal house diminished. The Warring States period (c. 475 – 221 BC) that followed saw large-scale warfare and consolidation among what had formerly been Zhou client states, until the Zhou were formally extinguished by the state of Qin in 256 BC. The Qin ultimately founded the imperial Qin dynasty in 221 BC after conquering all of China. The Zhou period is often considered to be the zenith for the craft of Chinese bronzeware. The latter Zhou period is also famous for the advent of three major Chinese philosophies: Confucianism, Taoism and Legalism. The Zhou dynasty also spans the period when the predominant form of written Chinese became seal script, which evolved from the earlier oracle bone and bronze scripts. By the dynasty's end, an i
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